Hermaphroditism in fish: incidence, distribution and associations with abiotic environmental factors

Abstract The distribution of hermaphroditism in fishes has traditionally been mainly explained by its dependence on biotic factors. However, correlates with major abiotic factors have not investigated a quantitative basis and at global scale. Here, we determined the incidence fish family species level, tested hypothesis that evolutionary relationships account for poor presence freshwater species, association sexual systems latitude, habitat type depth. Functional is reported 8 orders, 34 families 370 fishes, all teleosts. Sequential predominates over simultaneous ratio ~ 5:1 protogyny (female-to-male sex change) 6:1 protandry (male-to-female). We found 12 hermaphroditic can live freshwater. seven these are from four primarily marine while there only five two mostly families. Protogynous bi-directional changers tighter reef-associated tropical subtropical habitats when compared to protandrous which tend be more plastic terms requirements. Finally, hermaphrodite both deep sea shallow waters similar proportions. This study further research specific groups different purposes, including ecological issues as well conservation management exploited species. Understanding environmental help forecast changes or phenology hermaphrodites change scenario.